If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you! Skip to main content. Printer Friendly. The big winner of this transformation was the common man. Specifically, the common white man as universal white manhood suffrage all white men could vote became the norm. Crawford of Georgia, and John Q.
Adams of Massachusetts. All four called themselves Republicans. In the results, Jackson got the most popular votes and the most electoral votes, but he failed to get the majority in the Electoral College. Adams came in second in both, while Crawford was fourth in the popular vote but third in the electoral votes.
Clay was 4th in the electoral vote. By the 12th Amendment, the top three electoral vote getters would be voted upon in the House of Reps. Clay was eliminated, but he was the Speaker of the House, and since Crawford had recently suffered a paralytic stroke and Clay hated Jackson, he threw his support behind John Q. Adams, helping him become president.
When Clay was appointed Secretary of the State, the traditional stepping-stone to the presidency, Jacksonians cried foul play and corruption. John Randolph publicly assailed the alliance between Adams and Clay. A Yankee Misfit in the White House John Quincy Adams was a man of puritanical honor, and he had achieved high office by commanding respect rather than by boasting great popularity. During his administration, he only removed 12 public servants from the federal payroll, thus refusing to kick out efficient officeholders in favor of his own, possibly less efficient, supporters.
In his first annual message, Adams urged Congress on the construction of roads and canals, proposed a national university, and advocated support for an astronomical observatory. They successfully turned public opinion against an honest and honorable president. John Q. He personified the new West: rough, a jack-of-all-trades, a genuine folk hero. He went to Tennessee, where he became a judge and a congressman, and his passions were so profound that he could choke up on the floor.
A man with a violent temper, he got into many duels, fights, stabbings, etc… He was a Western aristocrat, having owned many slaves, and lived in a fine mansion, the Hermitage, and he shared many of the prejudices of the masses. He was anti-federalist, believing that the federal government was for the privileged only, although he maintained the sacredness of the Union and the federal power over the states.
Still, he welcomed the western democracy. Jackson commanded fear and respect from his subordinates, and ignored the Supreme Court on several occasions; he also used the veto 12 times compared to a combined 10 times by his predecessors and on his inauguration, he let commoners come into the White House.
The Spoils System The spoils system rewarded supporters with good positions in office. Jackson believed that experience counted, but that loyalty and young blood and sharp eyes counted more, and thus, he went to work on overhauling positions and erasing the old.
Not since the election of had a new party been voted into the presidency, and even then, many positions had stayed and not changed. The spoils system denied many able people a chance to contribute. Samuel Swartwout was awarded the lucrative post of collector of the customs of the port of New York, and nearly nine years later, he fled for England, leaving his accounts more than a million dollars short, and thus becoming the first person to steal a million dollars from the government.
The spoils system was built up by gifts from expectant party members, and the system secured such a tenacious hold that it took more than 50 years before its grip was even loosened. However, the New Englanders backfired the plan and passed the law amended. Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun reversed their positions from , with Webster supporting the tariff and Calhoun being against it. This raised fears by Southern whites and led to a tightening of control over slaves.
The South mostly complained because it was now the least expanding of the sections. Cotton prices were falling and land was growing scarce. Southerners sold their cotton and other products without tariffs, while the products that they bought were heavily taxed. The South said all tariffs did for them was hike up prices. Tariffs led the U.
John C. However, South Carolina was alone in this nullification threat, since Andrew Jackson had been elected two weeks earlier, and was expected to sympathize with the South against the tariff. In the elections of , the Nullies came out with a two-thirds majority over the Unionists, met in the state legislature, and declared the Tariff of to be void within S.
They also threatened with secession against the Union, causing a huge problem. President Jackson issued a ringing proclamation against S. To compromise and prevent Jackson from crushing S.
The Tariff of narrowly squeezed through Congress. Finally, S. The Trail of Tears By , the U. Federal policy officially was to acquire land from the Indians through formal treaties, but too many times, they were tricked.
Many people respected the Indians, though, and tried to Christianize them. Some Indians violently resisted, but the Cherokees were among the few that tried to adopt the Americans ways, adopting a system of settled agriculture, devising an alphabet, legislating legal code in , and adopting a written constitution in Jackson, though, still harbored some sentiment of Indians, and proposed that they be bodily transferred west of the Mississippi, where they could preserve the culture, and in , Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, in which Indians were moved to Oklahoma.
Also, the Bureau of Indian Affairs was established in to deal with Indians. In , in Illinois and Wisconsin, the Sauk and Fox tribes revolted but were crushed.
From to , the Seminoles waged guerrilla warfare against the U. To Jackson and westerners, the BUS was simply a tool of the rich to get richer. Farmers out west wanted paper money which caused inflation, and enabled them to more easily pay off their debts.
Jackson and westerners saw the BUS and eastern banks as being in a conspiracy to keep the common man down economically. Org web experience team, please use our contact form. While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using!
If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you! Skip to main content. Printer Friendly. There was not a burning national anger, like there was after the Chesapeake outrage; the regular army was very bad and scattered and had old, senile generals, and the offensive strategy against Canada was especially poorly conceived.
Had the Americans captured Montreal, everything west would have wilted like a tree after its trunk has been severed, but the Americans instead focused a three-pronged attack that set out from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain, all of which were beaten back. In contrast, the British and Canadians displayed enthusiasm early on in the war and captured the American fort of Michilimackinac, which commanded the upper Great Lakes area the battle was led by British General Isaac Brock.
After more land invasions were hurled back in , the Americans, led by Oliver Hazard Perry, built a fleet of green-timbered ships manned by inexperienced men, but still managed to capture a British fleet. In , 10, British troops prepared for a crushing blow to the Americans along the Lake Champlain route, but on September 11, , Capt.
Thomas MacDonough challenged the British and snatched victory from the fangs of defeat and forced the British to retreat. The news of this British defeat reached Washington early in February , and two weeks later came news of peace from Britain. During the war, the American navy had oddly done much better than the army, since the sailors were angry over British impressment of U.
However, Britain responded with a naval blockade, raiding ships and ruining American economic life such as fishing. The Treaty of Ghent At first, the confident British made sweeping demands for a neutralized Indian buffer state in the Great Lakes region, control of the Great Lakes, and a substantial part of conquered Maine, but the Americans, led by John Quincy Adams, refused.
As American victories piled up, though, the British reconsidered. The Treat of Ghent, signed on December 24, , was an armistice, acknowledging a draw in the war and ignoring any other demands of either side. Each side simply stopped fighting.
The main issue of the war, impressment, was left unmentioned. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention As the capture of New Orleans seemed imminent, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Rhode Island secretly met in Hartford from December 15, to January 5, , to discuss their grievances and to seek redress for their wrongs. Three special envoys from Mass. The Hartford Convention proved to be the death of the Federalist Party, as their last presidential nomination was trounced by James Monroe in The Second War for American Independence The War of was a small war involving some 6, Americans killed or wounded, and when Napoleon invaded Russia in with , men, Madison tried to invade Canada with about 5, men.
Yet, the Americans proved that they could stand up for what they felt was right, and naval officers like Perry and MacDonough gained new respect; American diplomats were treated with more respect than before. Manufacturing also prospered during the British blockade, since there was nothing else to do. Incidents like the burning of Washington added fuel to the bitter conflict with Britain, and led to hatred of the nation years after the war, though few would have guessed that the War of would be the last war America fought against Britain.
Many Canadians felt betrayed by the Treaty of Ghent, since not even an Indian buffer state had been achieved, and the Indians, left by the British, were forced to make treaties where they could. The North American Review debuted in , and American painters painted landscapes of America on their canvases, while history books were now being written by Americans for Americans. Washington D. In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right; but our country, right or wrong!
It was not high enough, but it was a great start, and in , Henry Clay established a program called the American System. The system began with a strong banking system. It advocated a protective tariff behind which eastern manufacturing would flourish. It also included a network of roads and canals, especially in the burgeoning Ohio Valley, to be funded for by the tariffs, and through which would flow foodstuffs and raw materials from the South and West to the North and East.
He straddled the generations of the Founding Fathers and the new Age of Nationalism. Early in , Monroe took a goodwill tour venturing deep into New England, where he received heartwarming welcomes.
However, seeds of sectional troubles were planted. Notably, the South did not like the tariff saying it only benefited the North and made the South pay higher prices. A major cause of the panic had been over-speculation in land prices, where the Bank of the United States fell heavily into debt. Oddly, this started an almost predictable chain of panics or recessions. An economic panic occurred every 20 years during the s panics occurred during , , , , The West was especially hard hit, and the Bank of the U.
There was also attention against the debtors, where, in a few overplayed cases, mothers owing a few dollars were torn away from their infants by the creditors. Growing Pains of the West Between and , nine frontier states had joined the original
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