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If the police catch criminals, they arrest them and take them to the police station gun Do you have to have permission from the state to own a gun in your country? Yes, we will Would you need any money if you went to the cinema and had a free ticket? Yes, you should Could you read when you were three years old? Yes, you are Have you got any shoes on your feet? Yes, the sun rose The walls of this room are about This table is about If you are About how many kilometres are there in a mile?

There are about 1. If a kilometre equals about 0. If a kilometre Yes, if I fell over while I was running along the street, I might hurt myself Have you ever been hurt while playing sport? We usually understand the meaning from the sentence or situation. When things break, I normally … roof What do we call the top covering of a house? We call … the roof wind windy Do sailing boats move faster in strong winds? Yes, sailing boats … Is it a windy day today? The last time I caught a cold was We can also use indirect speech, and report what Mr Brown said, like this: Mr Brown said that he liked warm weather.

Notice that indirect speech is also called reported speech. What are the two ways in which we can repeat what someone has said? The two ways … are by giving the exact words of the speaker, or by reporting what the speaker said What do we call these two ways? We call these two ways direct speech and indirect speech Give me an example of direct speech, please. For example, we change present tenses into past tenses. Indirect speech The teacher said that the room was large.

Indirect speech The teacher said that he had drunk the coffee. If a verb is already in the past, it often remains unchanged. However, sometimes we put it further into the past so the exact meaning is easier to understand. Think about this sentence: Mary said that she went to the cinema. However, we could say this instead: Mary said that she had been to the cinema. Now it becomes clearer that she was speaking about a single visit in the past.

What do we do with the tenses when we change direct speech into indirect speech? When we change …, we generally move the verb into the past Give me an example. The teacher said that the room was large.

What do we do if a verb is already in the past? Indirect speech Mary said that John would go to London. She said that John would go to London next year Right. I will now make some statements and I want you to tell me what I said, using indirect speech. Do we use inverted commas for indirect speech? No, people …; they believed it was flat Which is one of the flattest parts of this country?

One of the flattest parts of this country is What kind of people do you pity most? I pity I consider … to be the best occupation in the world Why must we consider carefully before making an important decision?

Can you go for a holiday whenever you like? If you could meet whoever you wanted in the world, who would you prefer to meet? I have to be away from home for about … before I begin … Did you miss the last lesson?

If so, why? A trade union is an organization composed of workers from a particular industry. It protects the workers and fights to improve their pay and conditions Are you in favour of trade unions? We can use rope for climbing mountains, pulling things etc. If I lost my keys, I would … Where do people go when they are looking for justice? People go to the law courts when they How do we form verbs from certain adjectives or nouns?

We form verbs from certain If our trousers The days lengthen as we … Do you think sport can strengthen the friendship between different countries? There are also some one-syllable adjectives and nouns from which we cannot form a verb. How many syllables must an adjective or noun have in order for us to form a verb from it?

An adjective or noun must have only one syllable in order for us Can we form verbs from all adjectives and nouns of one syllable? An example of a Yes, small children sometimes … Why? What is an ache? An ache is a continuous What might you get if you ate too much? I might get stomach ache if I … Where should you go if you get toothache?

The kind of things that give me a headache are noise, too much work, hot weather etc. Yes, the rules of English grammar sometimes confuse me Do you find computers confusing? Yes, when we …, we ought to … What ought we to do before crossing the road? We ought to look both ways before Do you think children ought to be allowed to go to bed whenever they want? When you travel by boat, do you prefer the sea to be rough?

Because a rough sea makes me feel seasick I think maybe rugby is the roughest When a table is not level, what must we do? When a table …, we must put something under one of its legs Has this town got an underground railway? The biggest football ground in this town is Are the grounds of some famous old buildings in this country open to the public?

Yes, the grounds … educate educated How can parents start educating their children before they go to school? Parents can … by teaching them to read and write etc. By an educated person, we mean somebody who has continued their studies to a high level Making a suggestion Here are four common ways in which we can make a suggestion: 1 Shall we go to the cinema? Tell me four common ways in which we can make a suggestion, please.

Four common ways in which we can make a suggestion are: 1 Shall we wait for him? The imperative order When we want to say something stronger than just a suggestion, or even order someone to do something, we use the imperative. Give me the book! Do it now! Have a nice day!

What might happen if we overate? When we say that People who are charged … are first taken to court, and then, if they are found guilty, they are sent to prison How would you feel if you were told to charge the enemy in a battle? Another use … How often do you have to recharge your mobile? I have to recharge my mobile … clear as regards Was the sky clear yesterday? Yes, the sky was Yes, I can make myself clearly understood when I … At what time of day are the streets usually at their clearest as regards traffic?

The streets are usually … Who clears the tables in a restaurant? If I could play Have you ever ridden a bicycle at night without lights?

Do you get very severe winters in your country? Yes, we get People say they see stars when … respect What kind of people do you respect most? The kind of people I respect most are We employ a knife to cut bread What do we call a person who employs somebody to work for them?

Yes, there are … What do we use a cash machine for? We use a cash machine for taking money out of the bank quickly and easily What could happen if you accidentally put a red sock in a washing machine with white clothes?

For example, if you draw the curtains, you pull them open or closed. If you draw money from the bank, you put your bank card in a cash machine and take money out.

Are you good at drawing pictures? Present perfect continuous: I have been working Past perfect continuous: I had been working Future perfect continuous: I will have been working How do we form the perfect continuous tenses? I have been studying for two hours We use the present perfect continuous to say how long an action has been in progress so far. For example, if you arrive at work at 9 a.

When do we use the present perfect continuous? We use the present perfect continuous to say how long an action has been in progress so far Give me an example, please. When do we use the past perfect continuous? We use the past perfect continuous to communicate the duration of an action up to a particular point in the past Give me an example, please.

I had been living in this house for one month when I bought my new bed We use the future perfect continuous to communicate the duration of an action up to a particular point in the future. When do we use the future perfect continuous? We use the future perfect continuous to communicate the duration of an action up to a particular point in the future Give me an example, please.

I will have been living in this house for eight months at the end of this year How long had you been sitting in this room for when I came in? I had been sitting in this room for … when you came in Since when have you been studying English? When speaking about duration, we can normally use either the perfect continuous tenses or the perfect tenses. There is no important difference between saying … Students read Lesson 82 on page ruler Who was the last ruler of your country?

The last ruler of my country was Could you draw a completely straight line without the help of a ruler? I come to school by means of a bus, train, car etc. Would you rather have your own means of transport than use public transport? As a means of making money, what would you say was the best way?

As a means The best way … Who do you think was the greatest figure in history? How many figures are there in the number of your house? If a couple …, they can adopt one If you went to live in another country, do you think you would quickly adopt the way of living in that country? A college is a kind of school, or part of a university burn If we put a piece of wood or paper into a flame, what happens to it? Yes, I think that … Are you interested in political matters?

We usually use a tail question when we believe something is true, and we want somebody to confirm that we are right.

When do we use a tail question? We form the tail question by repeating the first auxiliary verb from the main part of the sentence, and putting it in question form. How do we form a tail question? We form a tail question by repeating the first auxiliary verb from the main part of the sentence, and putting it in question form Give me an example, please. If the main part of the sentence is negative, the tail question is positive.

Remember that, if the main part of the sentence is positive, the tail question is negative, and vice versa. You can sing. They would be hungry. When there is no Do very young children sometimes get their homework done for them by their parents? Yes, very young children … power powerful laptop desktop Do you think governments generally have too much power?

I think … is the most … Do laptops use more power than desktop computers? Do you spend all your money or do you try to save some and put it in the bank?

An old man carries a walking stick to save … Would you save any time if you used a different means of transport to come to school? Yes, when I …, it usually reminds me to save my work first trade tradesman skill bake baker butcher builder What kind of things does your country mainly trade in? My country mainly trades in Some examples of tradesmen are bakers, butchers, builders etc.

What do we usually mean by a trade? By a trade, we usually mean a One of the best-paid trades in my country is For example, a business trip, a trip to the shops, a trip around the world etc. If you went on a trip to New York, what would you see? Yes, when people … Which would you prefer: an exciting trip to a big city for the weekend or a quiet fortnight on the beach? An island is a piece of land completely surrounded by water ocean Atlantic Pacific Indian Name me some oceans, please.

My country produces People often boast about their jobs, things that they own etc. For example: I told David that I was going on holiday. I said that I was going on holiday. She told him that it was important. She said it was important. For example: I said to David that I was going on holiday.

For example: He told me to go downstairs. Which of these sentences is correct? For example, we can gain strength, time, friends etc.

My watch generally The best way … is to be nice to people How long does it take the average student to gain a degree at university in your country? It takes the average student about … in my country As regards learning a language, would you gain anything by going to the country where it was spoken? What kind of marks are they? Who marks your dictations? I mark my dictations myself How many marks did you get in your last English exam?

I got … marks out of in my Which petrol company do you think has the most well-known trademark? I consider … to be the basis of a good life Is it normal for language learners to continue making basic grammatical mistakes even though they know the rules? I think that, basically, the difference between my own language and English is … include When you stay at a hotel for one night, does the price you pay usually include breakfast?

Yes, when you stay at We use a shoe brush to clean What other kinds of brushes are there? There are hairbrushes, toothbrushes, paintbrushes etc.

I watch … Can you type? People often … so that they can remember them better plan interfere interference What do we mean by a street plan of a town?

By a …, we mean a map showing the streets of the town and their names Do you usually write your plans in a diary? What are the two basic types of auxiliary verb in English? We use them to make basic verb structures. What are the primary auxiliaries? I am speaking English now. This book was printed in England.

Did she eat the pasta? Modals normally express ideas about necessity or possibility. What are the ten common modals? Modals normally express ideas about necessity or possibility Now, I will give you a sentence, and you say a sentence with the same meaning, but with a modal: John is able to speak French. John can speak French Perhaps he works in a bank.

He may or might work in a bank It is necessary for me to go to bed now. I must go to bed now You are not allowed to smoke in this building. What do we put after a modal? I must send this email today Which modal is the only exception to this rule? As previously announced, while the UK remains in lockdown due to the coronavirus pandemic, Big Finish is releasing free downloads of full-cast audio dramas — or lockdownloads — for a limited time.

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One of his companions is an assassin but which one? We are to go home at once - They were to have lunch together The other ways in which we Whom are we to see when we get there?

Yes, I'd be surprised if I think that, when a man dies, he ought to Yes,there are some No, there aren't any The teacher says "Come on now, settle down You must be No, I've never had A nursery is a place for very small children to play in Unemployment is when there's not enough work for everyone The unemployed in my country Don't forget to drop us a line whilst you're away.

The opposite No, it isn't Because what works in theory might not work in practice, because of something that has not been taken into account If I were to set For example "He studied a lot, and so was able to pass his examination. For example, "He studied a lot, but could not pass his examination. We generally use "was able" as the The woman did not give the children any money, so they could not buy any sweets The word "could" is also considered a little more polite than "can", so we usually say, for example, "Could you tell me the way to the station, please?

I think the advantages of free competition in society are that Yes, it'd suit me if No, it wouldn't suit The effects of When we want to give the idea of past time, we say, for example, I ought to have given him the money yesterday. Yes, there's No, there isn't To express a future idea with "ought to" we don't use the words "shall" and "will", we just use a word or phrase expressing future time: e.

We express a future Yes, there's something No, there isn't anything I think women look Yes, I just clean my shoes No, I don't just I've got so many problems and so much work to do that I just don't know if I'm coming or going. Don't ask her to help. For example, "Let us eat first and then go to the cinema afterwards. Supposing, whilst I was waiting to No, I don't attend to I'd say the most The kind of things that move For example, "Would you open the window, please?

Would you mind passing me that book, please? We often use I'd give him some bad news When we say that a child is spoilt, we mean that he has always been allowed to do exactly as he pleases without discipline, and he has been given everything he wants.

By a "spoilt child", we mean one who has always been allowed to do exactly as he pleases I wouldn't People normally Yes, I've some For example, "I need a new hat" is similar in meaning to "I want a new hat". For example, "Need I come here tomorrow?

Normal: "This room needs cleaning. When "need" is I hardly need ask if you were successful: you look so pleased Notice the difference in meaning between these two sentences: 1 Normal - "He had enough money with him, so I did not need to give him any" means I did not give him any money. For example, "Do you need to go there tomorrow? There are automobile associations, football associations Yes, I belong to Yes, every little No, every little noise doesn't I can't concentrate Courage is considered by You'll have to pull yourself together if you want to pass that exam.

Pull yourself together man, and stop crying! The right spirit A Christian hopes The kind of things that put me in high spirits are Yes, I drink The river Thames flows I think a woman looks better with For example, "a village feast" or "a religious feast, like the Feast of St.

The verb "to feast" means "to eat and drink a lot". When used with "do", the "to" after "dare" is generally put in, whilst when used without "do", it is omitted. The two ways in which I didn't dare to tell him what you said - and -1 daren't tell him what you said, or, I dared not tell him what you said The verb "dare", apart from meaning "to be brave enough", also means "to challenge". In such a case, we use "do" with it and follow it with "me, you, him" etc.

Another meaning of the One would need a hammer and some nails to fix a piece of I generally have to In order to fix up a It's a fingernail YARD jard ok. For example, "a farmyard, a brickyard, a railway yard, or the backyard of a house" etc.

Farmyard, brickyard, railway yard A courtyard Whilst waiting to see the doctor, I amused myself by studying the faces of the other people in the waiting -room, trying to see what they might be thinking from the expression on their faces Yes, I can think of things that people do For example, people make things with their hands just for a hobby.

They do photography, or repair old clocks Yes, I like The rose is a flower which is No, countries don't always Eat, drink and be merry, Christmas comes but once a year, so let yourself go. For example:"People are strange" - that is, people in general; whilst "The people in that town are strange" - means the particular people in that particular town. This, however, is only a general rule. The general rule regarding For example, "Life is hard" and not "The life is hard".

For example, "Dogs are friendly animals" and not "The dogs are friendly animals". For example, "Mr. Brown comes from England" and not "Mr. Brown comes from the England". For example, "Milk is good for you" and not "The milk is good for you".

The four cases in which The five cases in which When we say that a house No, it wouldn't be convenient for For example, "sensitive skin; sensitive to criticism" etc. The two basic For example, "It would not be very sensible to climb a mountain in the same shoes as one wears about the house: it'd be rather stupid.

The basic meaning of For example, "I would like a cup of tea, please. I would like to know what you've got in your pocket John would like you to help him with his homework" etc.

I would like a cup of tea, please If you add up Basically, the meaning The original people By an original person we mean one who is not like other people, and who has not copied other people, whilst by an original idea we mean something new; not a copy of something in the past Yes, I note down all Yes, I note something No, I don't note A question usually The notes on No, I don't take Soldiers wore We can prevent Yes, I think people The kind of people The letters "i.

He fell to pieces He fell completely to pieces just before the exam and failed everything. When you say you used When you say you are No, I didn't used to Yes, an African is used to hot weather Because it is hot in Africa and, if a man is born and brought up there, he ought to be used to hot weather Notice the differences in the two kinds of sentences:1 I used to go.

I used to live. I used to read, and 2 I am used to going. I am used to living. I am used to reading. I am used to cold weather. I am used to him. We use the word "get", meaning "become" or "grow", with "to be used to" to form the different tenses. For example:I got used to sleeping with my window open. I am getting used to sleeping with my window open. I shall get used to sleeping with my window open.

He soon got used to living alone - He is getting used to living alone - He will soon get used to living alone. No, when arguing I never suddenly The correct dress In business, by "making These days it is more probable that we would call him or her the servant's employer or boss.

We call the man or When discussing painting, and we talk The following sentences will serve as examples of how it is used:1 "You must read it again, so that you will remember it well" - means "in order that". He will probably be able to help you" - means "I don't know his name, or can't think of it at the moment". Whoever it is Yes, it's easy to The word No, all my toes aren't the same length.

My big toe, for example, is longer than the others If we go to the station and ask about the train times for tomorrow, and at the same time buy you a new shirt from the shop on the corner, we can kill two birds with one stone. Yes, when one is in No, when one is They gave the patient a bottle of whisky and a piece of a leather belt in the mouth for the patient to put his teeth into The occasions on which people When I have to present I'd consider a For example:- "You must not come here tomorrow" - means that you will be doing the wrong thing if you come here tomorrow; whereas "You need not come here tomorrow" - means that you can choose whether you want to come or not, because it is not necessary.

The two The difference in The kind of things that make people curse are anger at things that go wrong No, I don't believe it's When you say "The We can say, for example, "He's too idle to clean his shoes", but we can't say "The machine had stood lazy for months. Yes, we can sometimes use the word I imagine the world in a thousand years' time to be There's no use telling him anything, it just goes in one ear and out the other. The road outside this window extends as far as Yes,they're extending No, they aren't I'm extending my For example, we can't say "When you will come here tomorrow, I will give you the money".

We must say instead "When you come here tomorrow, I will give you the money"; the first verb being in the Present Tense and only the second action being put into the Future Tense. We must say "When I sell I will buy We can use the Present Perfect besides the It is similar to the word "so". For example, "Instead of doing it thus, it's better to do it in this way" or "His eyesight is very bad; thus it'd be very dangerous to let him drive".

Yes, there's someone No, there isn't anyone After the word "wish", we use the Subjunctive that is, the Past Tense e. We use the Subjunctive I wish I were a millionaire - He wishes you could speak English much better than you do - and -1 wish you had come in time When it is someone's birthday, we say to him or her, "Many happy returns of the day".

I'm the kind of person who considers talk about the ideal Yes, when I pay for No, when I pay A log is usually part of a branch of a tree which has been cut up to put on the fire Common sense is practical good sense gained from life and not from special study Common sense is more important in Because we have to be practical in our everyday life, whereas intelligence is usually needed more for work of a higher nature or for studying Probably because beans are good for the health Yes, I talk a great deal to No, I don't talk very much to I was so angry I just saw red for a minute and hit him.

When the Past Tense of a regular verb ends in "ded" or "ted", we pronounce the final sound " The kind of verbs in which the final sound is pronounced "t" in the Past Tense are those which end in the letters c-ch-k-p-ss-sh, or, x. The difference between "few" and "a few" is that the word "few" means "not many", whilst the words "a few" mean "some, but not many". The difference between "little" and "a little" is the same as that between "few" and "a few". The word "little" means "not much", whilst the words " a little" mean "some, but not much".

The 9 ways in which the Special Verbs differ from other verbs are:1 They form their interrogative by putting the verb before the subject, e. Am I your teacher? I cannot understand it 3 They are the only verbs that can be used in Tail Questions, e. You have a pen, haven't you? They were eating 5 They are used for short answers, e. Yes, I will 6 They are used in End Constructions, e. My brother has a car, and so have I 7 They are used when we wish to be emphatic, e.

My husband will be pleased to see you 8 They are often followed, instead of preceded, by certain adverbs, e. I have always kept my promises 9 They do not take "s" in the third person singular except "do" , e. A simple sentence is one which contains only one finite verb. A compound sentence is one which consists of two or more sentences joined together by a conjunction, such as the words "and" or "but".

A clause is a group of words which contains a finite verb, but does not make complete sense by itself. Subordinate clauses are joined to principal clauses by conjunctions. We use the "to" infinitive after an adjective, a past participle, a noun, or a pronoun. By a preparatory "it" we mean that the word "it" is used to prepare ourselves for a phrase which is going to follow. When we change a question from Direct into Indirect Speech, we use a verb like "ask" instead of "say"; we do not use a question mark; and we put the subject before the verb.

When we change a command from Direct into Indirect Speech, we use words like "told, commanded, ordered"; and, in the case of a negative command, the "do not" becomes simply "not". When we change requests from Direct into Indirect Speech, we use the same construction as with commands, and use words like "ask" or" request". An Emphasising Pronoun is a pronoun that could be left out of a sentence, but is put in to make what is said stronger.

The difference between a Defining and a Non-Defining Clause is that a Defining Clause is essential to the meaning of a sentence, whereas a Non-Defining Clause is not essential to the meaning of a sentence. We add the letters "es" to form the plural of a noun and the third person singular of a verb when a word ends in o: s: x: y: z or ze : ch, or sh, that is, a word that ends in one of the sounds o: s: ks: i: z: ts or sh.

We generally form the plural of nouns ending in "f or "fe" by changing the endings to "ves". For example, leaf- leaves, wife-wives. An antecedent is a noun for which a Relative Pronoun stands. The word antecedent means "going before". Who, Whom With a transitive verb, the action passes from the subject, through the verb, to the object.

With an intransitive verb, the action of the verb finishes with itself and does not pass to an object. The car hit the wall What a man! There is no article What books! When the sentence is negative we can use either "could" or "was able" The difference when used as a normal This room needs cleaning Need this room be cleaned?

Need he go at once? I hardly need ask if you were successful, you look so pleased Life is hard. Dogs are friendly animals. Brown comes from England. The life that man lives is hard. Brown, but it's wrong. The meaning of the word "use" in The meaning of the word "nothing" in Your name's My name's His name's Mr.

Her name's Mrs. He's translating a sentence from English into You're Mr. I'm Mr. I've, you've etc. Yes, there are some books on the table. No, there aren't any books on the floor. The meaning of the words "any" and "some" is There are none.